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Guillain–Barre Syndrome

What is Guillain–Barre Syndrome?

  • Guillain–Barré Syndrome is a rare condition where the body’s immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. 
  • It affects nerve signaling, leading to weakness, numbness, or paralysis.
  • The immune system damages the myelin sheath (protective covering of nerves).
  • This disrupts communication between nerves and muscles, causing muscle weakness and loss of function.
  • Common triggers include:
    • Respiratory or gastrointestinal infections.
    • Campylobacter bacterial infection.
    • Viruses (e.g., influenza, Zika, COVID-19).

Symptoms of Guillain–Barre Syndrome

  • Tingling (“pins and needles”) in hands and feet.
  • Muscle weakness starting in legs and spreading upward.
  • Difficulty walking or climbing stairs.
  • Facial weakness, trouble speaking or swallowing.
  • Severe nerve pain
  • In severe cases Paralysis, Breathing difficulty (life-threatening).

Types of Guillain–Barre Syndrome

  • AIDP (Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy) – most common form
  • Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS) – affects eyes and coordination
  • AMAN / AMSAN – axonal variants affecting motor ± sensory nerves

Diagnosis of Guillain–Barre Syndrome

  • Clinical evaluation (progressive weakness pattern)
  • Nerve conduction studies
  • Lumbar puncture (CSF analysis)
  • Monitoring of respiratory function

Treatment of Guillain–Barre Syndrome

  • No definitive cure, but treatments help recovery:
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
    • Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
  • Supportive care:
    • Respiratory support
    • Physical therapy
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