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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes airflow blockage and breathing difficulties. It is progressive and mainly associated with long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases.
 

Main Causes & Risk Factors

  • Cigarette smoking (primary cause)
  • Air pollution exposure
  • Occupational dust & chemicals
  • Biomass fuel smoke (indoor pollution)
  • Genetic factors (Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

Common Symptoms

  • Persistent cough
  • Shortness of breath (especially during activity)
  • Wheezing
  • Chest tightness
  • Excess mucus production
  • Frequent respiratory infections

Types of COPD                            

  • Chronic Bronchitis – Long-term inflammation of airways with mucus production
  • Emphysema – Damage to lung air sacs affecting oxygen exchange

Diagnosis

  • Spirometry (lung function test)
  • Chest X-ray or CT scan
  • Oxygen saturation measurement
  • Medical history & symptom assessment

Treatment & Management

  • Bronchodilators (inhalers)
  • Corticosteroids
  • Oxygen therapy (advanced cases)
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation
  • Smoking cessation (most important step)

Prevention                            

  • Avoid smoking & secondhand smoke
  • Reduce exposure to air pollution
  • Use protective equipment at workplaces
  • Vaccinations (influenza, pneumonia)
 
 
 
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